Refractive error is a common eye condition that occurs when the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, leading to blurred vision. This can be caused by the eye being too long or too short, the cornea being irregularly shaped, or the lens inside the eye being unable to focus properly. Refractive errors include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. Research in the area of refractive error focuses on understanding the underlying causes of these conditions, developing new treatments to correct them (such as glasses, contact lenses, or surgery), and improving screening and diagnostic techniques. This research is important for improving the quality of life for individuals with refractive error and reducing the burden of vision impairment worldwide.